Jonathan Edwards The Great Awakening - 1210 Words

Minna Autry Mrs. Nicki Brewer American Literature 20 November 2015 Title Jonathan Edwards was one of the most famed evangelical preachers in the Age of the Great Awakening. He is best known for his most impactful sermon, â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.† Edwards preached with fury and conviction of the All Great our God. He preached for the wanderers; those lost in their spiritual belief. Edwards uses a wide variety of figurative language and rhetorical techniques to urge unregenerate Christians to sanctify their lives and walk devoutly before God, using fear. During this time of recognition, renewal and self-reliance in one’s connection with God, Edwards’ sermon did nothing but illustrate the exact conception of the age of the Great Awakening. The chaotic times of disagreement between religious and political groups in the late 17th century came to a grinding halt in the year of 1688 during the Glorious Revolution. During this year the Church of England was established as the reigning church of the country. Religions, such as Catholicism, Judaism and Puritanism were later suppressed. Politically, this could mean stability. Instead, spirituality and religion became somewhat monotonous and dry to believers. It began to become a routine without much connection or cognition. After a while of this complacency, a spiritual revival crossed over to the American colonies during the first half of the 18th century. This was the beginning of something great in the eyes ofShow MoreRelatedJonathan Edwards And The Great Awakening1080 Words   |  5 Pagespreachers such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards sparked a religious shift and revitalisation known as the Great Awakening. Edwards, influenced by enlightenment thinkers Berkele y and Locke, pioneered ideas and practices that would reshape the protestant church and American society. Jonathan Edwards transformed the religious and ideological landscape of the American public because of his large scale influence and role in the Great Awakening. Jonathan Edwards had a large scale influence on AmericanRead MoreThe Great Awakening By Jonathan Edwards1231 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Awakening was a revival of religion in the early American colonies. Some will say that the awakening had negative effects on the colonies, maybe, but overall I believe the Great Awakening had a positive effect and opened the eyes of the colonist, showing them truths of living in the New World and of things that could come for its future. These effects that the Great Awakening had on the early colonies is greatly studied and looked at, because it was what set the ground work for the religiousRead MoreThe Great Awakening By Jonathan Edwards And George Whitefield Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Edwards and George Whitefield had an indirect impact on the American Revolution due the Great Awakening. The Great Awakening was a revival of a person’s personal spirituality sparked by Whitefield and Edwards; which de-emphasized the church. T he revolution preached similar messages regarding criticism and tensions of authority. Without these two men, the American Revolution would not have happened as early as it did, if it all. George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards were both two extremeRead MoreThe Great Awakening By Jonathan Edwards And George Whitefield2041 Words   |  9 Pages12/07/2014 Research Paper for history class: The Great Awakening The Great Awakening was a revival of religion in North America in the 1740s, led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. During that time, people started thinking more about free will. In their sermons, religious leaders emphasized everyone can be healed by God, including people who the Christian church had previously denounced as not faithful, such as the Baptists and Quakers. The Great Awakening also caused democratization in the northRead MoreThe Great Awakening, By Jonathan Edwards And Benjamin Franklin Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical events, respectively, are Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin. Jonathan Edwards was brought up on deeply Calvinist and Lutheran teachings, and was one of the many people responsible for The Great Awakening in America. Benjamin Franklin, although he was also brought up on Calvinist teachings, chose to develop his religious beliefs around reason and argument. The differences and similarities between the religious experiences of Benj amin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards include the way they questionedRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Edwards s The Great Awakening 1072 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Edwards was a major figure during the Great Awakening, he believed nature captured the glory and beauty of God, and thus was parallel to the spiritual world. Edward’s opposed the separation of the presence of God in nature that was being caused by the Enlightenment. Edwards view can be described as Calvinistic as he states â€Å"The book of Scripture is the interpreter of the book of nature†¦..making applications of the signs and types in the book of nature as representations of those spiritualRead MoreAnalysis of the Great Awakening and Revolutionary Thought1655 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of the Great Awakening and Revolutionary Thought In the 1730s and the 1740s, religious revival swept through the New England and Middle Colonies. Through these revivals, the colonists came to view religion as a discrete and personal experience between God and man which, â€Å"undermined legally established churches and their tax supported ministers.† (Henretta, P. 112) Joseph Tracey was the first person to describe this period of revivalism as, ‘the Great Awakening.’ In 1841, Joseph TracyRead MoreThe First Great Awakening And The Age Of Enlightenment1663 Words   |  7 Pagesreason and depend solely on biblical revelation. During the eighteenth century, a great movement known as the First Great Awakening swept through Protestant Europe and America, leaving a permanent impact on Protestantism. Furthermore, during the First Great Awakening, American colonists gained a deeper sense of personal revelation through the salvation of Jesus Christ. Unlike the Age of Enlightenment, the Great Awakening introduced Chri stianity into the American colonies as well as reshaping many differentRead MoreJonathan Edwards Stressed Emotion To Much As Proof Of Phebes Conversion Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pages10 October, 2017 Whether Jonathan Edwards Stressed Emotion to Much as Proof of Phebe Bartlet s Conversion Is Emotion an important factor in our conversion? In Jonathan Edwards A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God, he speaks of a little girl named Phebe Bartlet, and her conversion to Christianity. In several instances he uses her emotion as evidence for her conversion. We can all agree that Phebe converted to Christianity. Some think that Jonathan Edwards stressed to much on feelingRead MoreAnalysis Of The First Great Awakening1219 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom late 17th century to early 18th century, the First Great Awakening was a period of religious growth throughout the British American colonies from approximately 1720 to the 1740s. This awakening was led by many religious figures such as John Wesley - a founder of Methodism in the Church of England, George Whitefield - an Anglican who preached throughout the colonies from 1739 to 1740, and Jonathan Edwards - an Apologist of the Great Awakening who led the revival in Northampton, Massachusetts. Although

Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Supplementation

Qustion: Discuss about the Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Supplementation. Answer: Introduction: In the world, the child bearing mothers and children are treated with highest priority as they are more vulnerable group. Usually maternal mortality rates are higher in the developing countries rather than developed countries but it is different in U.S context (WHO, 2014). It has doubled from the expected rate of 12-28/100,000 births from 1990- 2013. US has increased maternal mortality rate as compared to other high income countries in which half it could be prevented (Main, 2013). It is estimated that there are more than 4 million births in the United States every year (Hamilton, 2010). Basically maternal death is defined as the death of a mother during pregnancy/ within 42 hours after pregnancy termination, (irrespective of the time duration and implantation site of the pregnancy) because of any cause that is caused or aggravated by pregnancy or its treatment but not due to accident or incident (Park, 2010). In US, at least 1200 women develop complications at the time of pregnancy or delivery that endanger their life (WHO, 2014) and 60,000 women develop near-fatal complications (Creanga, 2014). According to WHO (2015), there are three factors that contribute to increasing maternal deaths in US. The first factor is the lack of consistency in obstetric practice. The US hospitals did not have a standardized approach to manage obstetric emergencies. The complications related to pregnancy and delivery is identified too late. The next factor is that there is increased number of mothers with chronic disorders such as diabetes, hypertension and overweight in US that increases the maternal mortality rate. The third factor is the lack of appropriate data and its analysis to determine the outcomes of maternal health. It was found that nearly half of the US states have no reviewing boards for maternal mortality and the collected data are not efficiently used to plan and implement changes. Further US dont have national forums for the states to discuss and share their best practices as well as gained knowledge to improve maternal health. The social ecological model is a theoretical framework that helps to understand the multi-faceted and interrelated aspects of individual (personal) and environment that modifies the behavior, identifies the leverage points of individual and organization and promotes health promotion (UNICEF). It involves 5 levels as individual, interpersonal, community, organizational and policy formulating environment. Based on the factors identified to be the causes for maternal death in US, the following level of this model was integrated. The individual level with economic status and financial resources is integrated. In US, the mothers who are lacking health insurance account for 3 to 4 times at increased risk for maternal death due to pregnancy related complications as compared to mothers with insurance (Chang, 2003). The other level of organization/ social institutions of model involve the governing rules and regulations affecting the maternity services. In US, there is no standardized approach to manage obstetric emergencies. The local/state/national and global level states the laws and policies regarding maternal health. There are no review boards, policies for data collection, analysis and national forums to discuss the maternal aspects. Immediate actions should be taken to prevent maternal mortality. The two important interventions are discussed as follows. At first the national plans should be formulated to manage obstetric emergencies. The hospital should be forced to follow standard approaches to manage obstetric emergencies based on evidence-based care. The steps should be taken to reduce maternal mortality rates by careful monitoring of hemorrhage, sepsis, pre-eclampsia, unsafe abortion and obstructed labour. It is noted that 74% of maternal mortality could be prevented by proper emergency obstetric care. The postpartum hemorrhage should be prevented effectively by prophylactic oxytocin administration in third stage of labor (Westhoff, 2013), uterine massage, proper cord clamping and controlled cord traction. The main obstetric emergency is due to preeclampsia. Its risk is reduced by low-dose aspirin administration (Duley, 2007) and calcium supplements (Hofmeyr, 2014) which half the risk of pre eclampsia (Buppasiri, 2011). WHO (2013) suggests that women with multiple-pregnancies, preeclampsia, previous hypertension, diabetes, kidney, obesity and autoimmune disease should be supplemented with calcium. Preeclampsia should be identified at the earliest and timely intervention with prevention of its progression should be done. Routine blood pressure and urinalysis should be done as a part of antenatal screening. The fetal development should be monitored regularly and referred to specialist centre. The drawback is that lack of evidence-based literature, inadequate medical professionals, absence of clear screening measures and policies. This should be overcome by training medical persons with adequate resources, encouraging research to establish evidence based practice and formulating strict sc reening guidelines. The next intervention involves increasing the fund for hospitals by state and federal government and supporting to implement CDC (2014) recommendations that help to establish multi-disciplinary review boards in all the states. The review boards should be encouraged to use many multiple data sources that help to identify cases and to use standard guidelines in the formation and functioning of hospital (APFA, 2014, Agrawal, 2015). All the states should adopt a common standard for birth and death certificates as recommended by CDC (2014). All the state departments of health should develop electronic data linkages between death and birth certificates to better identify pregnancy-associated deaths. The funding services by government should overcome socioeconomic, legal, psychological and cultural obstacles and provide quality of care by developing a common framework. The government should take steps to expand methods in measuring, analyzing and reporting the pregnancy outcomes including m aternal mortality rates, morbidity and near-misses (APFA, 2014). The fund should be allocated to conduct research funding that helps to examine various aspects of maternal death prevention and to frame and implement various quality indicators.The government should encourage the maternal health care professionals and professional associations to modify the standards of practice and practice guidelines based on evidence based practice (APFA, 2014). Overall the maternal mortality rates should be reduces by passing legislation to improve maternal health by coordinating the maternal services at health Department, promoting number of maternal care providers, providing maternal education and incentives to professionals for beast practices. In US, the cost of maternity care has exceeded 60 billion dollars in 2012. The main drawback is that it requires immediate changes in policies and procedures, difficulty in implementing effectively in all areas, increased need for funding allocation in budget, and cooperation from all ministries. This could be overcome by gaining resources from governmental and non- governmental agencies too to implement these changes effectively. Reference Agrawal, P. (2015). Maternal mortality and morbidity in the United states of America. 93: 135. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.148627 APFA. (2014). American public health association. Retrieved from https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2014/07/11/15/59/reducing-us-maternal-mortality-as-a-human-right Buppasiri, P. (2011). Calcium Supplementation (Other than for Preventing or Treating Hypertension) for Improving Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.10: CD007079. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007079.pub2. [PubMed] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). The Social Ecological Model: A Framework for Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/overview/social-ecologicalmodel.html Chang.(2003). Pregnancy-related mortality surveillance United States. MMWR Surveill Summ. 52(2):18.[PubMed] Creanga, A.A., Berg, C.J, et al.(2014). Maternal mortality and morbidity in the United States: where are we now?:J Womens Health (Larchmt). 23(1). 39. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2013.4617 Duley, L. (2009). The Global Impact of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia.Seminars in Perinatology.33: 13037. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.010. [PubMed] Hamilton, B.E. (2010). Births: preliminary data for 2009. National Vital Statistics Rep. 59(3). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/nvsr59_03. Main, E.K Menard, M.K. (2013). Maternal mortality: time for national action.Obstet Gynecol. 122(4): 7356. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a7dc8c Park, K. (2010). Parks Textbook of Prevention and Social Medicine. (21st ed.). Jabalpur: m/s Banasardidas Bhanot. UNICEF. Understanding the Social Ecological Model and ... - Unicef. Retrieved from www.unicef.org/cbsc/files/Module_1_-_MNCHN_C4D_Guide.docx Westhoff, G. (2013). Prophylactic Oxytocin for the Third Stage of Labour to Prevent Postpartum Haemorrhage.Cochrane Database of Systematic Review.10: CD001808. [PubMed] WHO. (2013).Guideline: Calcium Supplementation in Pregnant Women. Geneva: WHO. WHO. (2014). Trends in maternal mortality. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/maternal-mortality-2013/en/ WHO. (2016). Maternal mortality and morbidity in the United States of America. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/93/3/14?148627/en/